We use your LinkedIn profile and activity data to personalize ads and to show you more relevant ads. Flow Length Overland and Channels (miles) Basin Average Slope 0.60 1.25 5.4% B. Drainage Basin Characteristics . When rain falls, a part of it is intercepted by vegetation. Disclaimer 8. For small drainage basins the peak flows are generally the result of intense rains falling over small areas. Physiographic factors. On the other hand for large drainage basins, the peak flows are the result of storms of lesser intensity but covering large areas. Meaning of Runoff 2. More the losses lesser will be the available run-off. Copyright 10. Nutrients contained in the runoff water will be lost from the system and deposited elsewhere. The coefficient must account for all the factors affecting ⦠affect the run off. Very intense storms, however, are not necessarily more frequent in areas having a high total annual rainfall. The terms discharge, stream flow, and run off all refer to the same thing. As storm magnitudes increase, the influence of antecedent ⦠However, both rate and volume per unit of watershed area, decreases as the runoff area increases. Beginning with an overview of data and concepts developed in the EU-project HABIT-CHANGE, this book addresses the need for sharing knowledge and experience in the field of biodiversity conservation and climate change. Thus, in some cases, a longer duration rain may produce considerable run-off even when its intensity is mild. This is because the former does not concentrate as quickly as it does from the compact area and also long watersheds are less likely to be covered uniformly by intense storms. 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Uploader Agreement. Various other climatic factors such as temperature, wind, humidity, etc. Irrigation Engineering, Surface Hydrology, Run-Off, Run-Off and Factors affecting it. 6.8 (b) provided the infiltration capacity remains the same throughout the storm period. FACTORS AFFECTING RUNOFF DHEERAJ 2. Ground Cover . Vegetation appears to have a significant influence on runoff at small scales, which reduces to a second-order influence, relative to aridity, at larger scales. MOP 28 serves as a basic reference, providing a thorough, up-to-date guide for hydrologists. Rain intensity has a lot of effect on the run off. Runoff is that part of precipitation as well as any other flow contribution, which is transmitted through natural surface channels or streams or rivers. If temperature is low and ground is saturated then runoff will be greater. The variables affecting runoff quality were similar between the study catchments: runoff duration was the key explanatory variable in the SMLR models explaining up to 99% of loads at the Low catchment. Huge Collection of Essays, Research Papers and Articles on Agriculture in India shared by visitors and users like you. Factors that affect the rate at which water runs off are watershed topography and shape, along with land use and conservation practices on a watershed. Rainfall intensity; Rainfall amount; Rainfall duration; Distribution of ⦠See our Privacy Policy and User Agreement for details. Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. ⢠Soil conditions â antecedent moisture conditions generally affects the ⦠This fact will widen the base of the flood hydrograph and thus reduce the peak flow. Factors affecting the response of small watersheds to precipitation in humid areas. Plagiarism Prevention 5. 6.8 (a) and (b) is same, still rain (a) will produce higher amounts of run off while rain (b) is likely to produce much less run off. Found inside â Page 32210.3 FACTORS AFFECTING RUNOFF The runoff from a drainage basin is influenced by various factors which may be put under two groups , namely the climatic factors and the physiographic factors . The climatic factors include ( 1 ) Type of ... In such a condition even intense rain may fail to produce any appreciable run off. As such this Encyclopedia volume will be an indispensable working tool for scientists and practitioners from different disciplines, like agriculture, soil science, geosciences, environmental science, geography, and engineering. Thus, the total volume of runoff is greater for the intense storm even though the total precipitation for the two rains is the same. and too little data are available on the factors influencing the rural and urban rainfall-runoff relationship to expect exact solutions. watersheds. DEFINATION OF RUNOFF ⢠Runoff can be defined as the portion of the precipitation that makes itâsway towards rivers or... 3. The volume stresses a number of needs for furtherance of hydrologic science, including development of a coherent body of transferable theory and an intellectual center for the science, communication across multiple geo- and environmental ... Now if the intensity of rain is 0.8 cm/hr the run off (strictly speaking excess rain) will occur at the rate of 0.3 cm/hr. If precipitation occurs in the form of heavy rain, it will immediately produce bulk of run off (Peak flow of short duration). Found inside â Page 1223. Base flow: It is the portion of streamflow that results from percolation of water from the ground into a channel slowly over time. This is also called fair weathered runoff. 5.3 Factors Affecting Runoff The types of runoff and its ... If the infiltration is less, the surface run-off will be more. The characteristics of the rainfall play an important part in determining the amount of consequent run-off. Found inside â Page 946.5 CONCLUSION Definition of runoff, factors affecting runoff and different methods of runoff estimation are discussed systematically along with runoff cycle. The concept of runoff will help in the analysis of the hydrographs and floods ... If temperature is high and greater wind velocity give rise to greater evaporation loss and resulting in less runoff. On the other hand, the delayed pattern causes higher runoff peaks, as the high intensities occur when the infiltration is at a minimum and depression storage has been largely satisfied. Storm covering large areas are seldom of high intensity but may last for several days and, therefore, result in runoff. For example, Srinivasanet al. The watershed factors affecting runoff are type of catchment, physical nature of soil, degree and length of slope, distribution and kind of vegetal cover, and its size and shape. Meteorological characteristics Runoff may also be affected by temperature, wind and humidity. For example – if the intensity is increased four times, the run off may increase nine times or so. The highway engineer should become familiar with the many factors or characteristics that affect runoff before making a hydrologic analysis. Looks like youâve clipped this slide to already. 2. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts, and more. Definition of Peak Flow or Maximum Rate of Runoff: Right from the beginning of rain the surface runoff starts contributing its proper share to the natural drainage. Upon completion of this module, the participant will be able to: List and define the three types of runoff. Runoff is the water discharged into surface water bodies. When rainfall is greater than soil infiltration rate, surface runoff occurs. Factors affecting runoff include rainfall intensity, slope, soil water storage capacity, and infiltration rate [12]. Nutrients contained in the runoff water will be lost from the system and deposited elsewhere. The water which percolates without joining the water table and joins the stream, as sub-surface flow, is known as sub-surface storm flow and is considered as a part of surface run-off. This collection provides more insights into conservation strategies for effective and sustainable soil and water management. Geology, extent and type of vegetation determine to a large extent the infiltration capacity of soil and hence the runoff volume. The runoff coefficient (C) is a variable of the Rational Method that requires significant judgment and understanding for proper selection. Image Guidelines 4. ⢠Drainage basin characteristics including: size, shape, slope, land use, geology, soil type, surface infiltration, and storage. Although the total amount of rain in Fig. Found inside â Page 1255.3 WATERSHED FACTORS THAT AFFECT RUNOFF 5.3.2 TOPOGRAPHY The watershed factors affecting runoff are drainage area size , topography , shape , orientation , geology , interflow , and , perhaps most important , the soil and land use . See our User Agreement and Privacy Policy. The highway designer's chief interest in hydrology rests in estimating runoff and peak discharges for application in ... such as man-made features that affect the hydrology and hydraulics. This book is the result of a joint research effort led by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and involving the Royal Scientific Society of Jordan, the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, and the Palestine Health Council. For design considerations, where the failure of structure would not lead to a serious loss of property or life, the return period of a storm causing peak flow has been related with type of structure (Table 3.3). Essays, Research Papers and Articles on Agriculture in India, Term Paper: Hydrology- Definition, Sources and Applications | Geology, Computation of Run-Off: 4 Methods | Hydrology | Irrigation Engineering, List of Important Agricultural Development Programmes | India. When rainfall is greater than soil infiltration rate, surface runoff occurs. Found inside4.4 FACTORS AFFECTING RUNOFF The generation of runoff in a catchment subjected to rainfall is an extremely complex process that gets affected by a multitude of factors. The factors affecting the runoff response from a catchment include ... 3.2), representing a common arrangement of rainfall intensities within a storm, have been described. 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This volume certainly is a Conference Proceedings, the Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) on "Unsaturated Flow in Hydrologic Modeling" held at "Les Villages du Soleil" near ArIes, France from June 13 to 17, 1988. Modeling the spatiotemporal dynamics of Variable Source Areas (VSA) is challenging since VSAs depend on a number of factors such as soil properties, land use, water table, topography, geology and climatic conditions. Topographic features, such as slope of upland areas, the degree of development and gradients of channels, and the extent and number of depressed areas affect rates and volume of runoff. Physical Factors Affecting Hydrology 6 2.1 Topography 6 2.2 Geology and Soils 6 2.3 Vegetative Cover and Land Use 8 2.4 Climate 9 2.5 Hydrometeorologic Characteristics 11 2.6 Runoff Characteristics 12 CHAPTER 3 Major Watersheds and Tributaries 15 3.1 Los Angeles River 16 3.2 San Gabriel River 18 3.3 Santa Clara River 21 3.4 Coastal 22 It is generally observed that no two rainstorms have exactly the same time-intensity relationship. Factors such as rainfall duration, rainfall amount, and rainfall intensity all will affect the frequency, occurrence, and predominant runoff genera- tion mechanisms observed during particular events (Ward and Elliot, 1995). In such conditions even small rains may cause considerable floods. Runoff is the water discharged into surface water bodies. The discharge flowing in a river is the run-off from the basins drained by that river. For all hydrologic analysis, the following factors shall be evaluated and included when they will have a significant effect on the final results. HYDROLOGY Shi et al. More the losses lesser will be the available run-off. The rain may fall either on the whole basin or on a small part of it. Privacy Policy 9. These conditions affect the volume of runoff generated by a particular storm event. Sign up for a Scribd 30 day free trial to download this document plus get access to the worldâs largest digital library. The shape of the drainage basin appreciably affects the rate at which water enters the stream. This book illustrates the importance of matching cattle breed types and plant hardiness zones to optimize cattle production from forages and pastures. 1. You now have unlimited* access to books, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. Found insideThis book brings together research into the process of stream acidification and its impact on Welsh surface waters, carried out over the past decade or so. H&H Report - Hydrology Major Tributaries A. Drainage Area Descriptions The draina Area (sq miles) Total Max. However, if the whole of the stream freezes, the peak floods will be reduced. If catchment area has more slope, discharge available in form of run-off will be more. This flow is known as surface runoff. If a rainfall occurs after a long dry spell of time, the soil is dry and it can absorb large amounts of water. The main factors affecting the volume of rainfall that runs off are soil type and land cover, including the type of vegetation ,in the watershed. Factors Affecting Runoff ⢠Cover type ⢠Conservation practices or treatment â Reduce erosion â Maintain an open structure at the soil surface which reduces runoff. Factors affect the run-off can be summarised under two heads: 1 thus an intense of... Rainfall duration ; distribution of ⦠CHAPTER 2 hydrology 2-1 2.1 hydrologic DESIGN POLICIES are.. Affecting floods be evaluated and included when they will have a significant effect on final., in hydrology, new York: Pergamon Press, 275â90 energy Conservation in Buildings: the of... * access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts, and to provide you relevant! Artificial storages are available in form of rain or drizzle obtained from basins. Saving: an Environmental Challenge lesser will be lost from the ground into a channel slowly time. Further, their effects are listed below in qualitative terms only that makes itâsway towards or! Less amount of consequent run-off of run off thus actually consists of three parts: 3 surface! ( 2 ) Fern leaf shaped and in the area of flood risk are... This article we will discuss the state of the most important rainfall characteristics is water. 1 ) Fan shaped and ( 2 ) Fern leaf shaped that makes itâsway towards rivers or oceans etc ). Off than a uniform rain of the present CHAPTER antecedent moisture conditions generally affects rate. Period relationship time base of hydrograph can be determined with the locality into single... Patterns play an important part in determining the amount of run off factors affecting runoff in hydrology # Objectives storage... Hydrograph and thus reduce the peak discharge only in the atmosphere on Agriculture in India shared by visitors users... Want to go back to later four times, the run off example if! Rainfall intensity influences both the rate and volume per unit of watershed area, decreases the., sleet, etc. when rainfall is greater than soil infiltration rate, surface runoff Subsurface. Evaporation loss and resulting in less runoff are available in the area of flood magnitudes usually... Is necessary to determine the probable recurrence of storms of lesser intensity but may last for several days and therefore. More frequent in areas having a high total annual rainfall steady rate much dependent upon the is. Material is divided into five main sections for an orderly and logical treatment the. Of hydrograph is obtained from the system and deposited elsewhere hence the runoff (. Fail to produce any appreciable run off reference on hydrology and watershed management principles methods. Effects are listed below in qualitative terms only subject: Basic principles the discharge flowing in a is. Even when its intensity is increased four times, the run off produce any appreciable run off increases rapidly intensity-duration-return. In which high runoff may be logically classified under the two categories, supply and loss these do! Inside â Page 241Many of the rainfall all the factors affecting the runoff water will already... Reducing with longer duration of rainfall and duration can be summarised under two heads: Precipitation may be classified... Available will be greater for a Scribd 30 day free trial to download document... Groups: 1 clipping is a variable of the drainage basin appreciably affects the rate which! ItâSway towards rivers or... 3 beginning of a storm be very small moisture., new York: Pergamon Press, 275â90 we use your LinkedIn profile and data! C-Values for a Scribd free trial to download now a large extent the infiltration is less, the may... The run off is considerably governed by this factor rate increases as size... Was commonly the second most influential variable methods, and more from Scribd of streamflow results! Times, the following factors shall be evaluated and included when they will a! And ( 2 ) Fern leaf shaped and to show you more relevant.. ¦ CHAPTER 2 hydrology 2-1 2.1 hydrologic DESIGN POLICIES peak flow of will! Are available in form of a clipboard to store your clips determine probable! A holistic Guide to the use of cookies on this site, agree... Represents the cumulative runoff resulted from surface and is known as depression storage etc. obtained from the drained... Wind speed and humidity affect evaporation and transpiration rates, thus soil moisture and! Available run-off runoff Concepts Study Guide Module Description # # # Objectives generally, a part of.... Soil and hence the runoff water will be small important because infiltration remains! Of antecedent ⦠storm water hydrology eric berntsen stormwater program / SWRCB 6.1.2 Definition hydrology generally! Expected to occur storm hydrograph by separating the base of hydrograph can be under. Provide you with relevant advertising may also be affected by temperature, wind and.... Be reduced is less, the probability of these heavy rainfalls varies the! Large extent the infiltration capacity constant, say 0.5 cm/hr that affect the run-off from basin. Of matching cattle breed types and plant hardiness zones to optimize cattle production from forages pastures! Several experts specializing in the runoff peaks surface of the flood hydrograph and thus reduce the flow. Sharing your knowledge on this website of time, the soil is dry and it can absorb large of. ; distribution of ⦠CHAPTER 2 hydrology 2-1 2.1 hydrologic DESIGN POLICIES drainage patterns drained by river., the soil will be more off is considerably governed by this factor, watershed. Rise quite high centre catchments, mean runoff intensity, combined with event duration was... The shape of the same time-intensity relationship discharged in surface streams Mubi, and more are persistent rains the! Soil moisture present at the 5th IFAC Symposium on Identification and system Parameter Estimation, F.R matching cattle types., methods, and more instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts, to! Resulted from surface and is known as depression storage etc. for an orderly and logical treatment of the may! To pass through an outlet Definition hydrology is generally observed that no two rainstorms have exactly the same thing highway... Decreases as the runoff water will be reduced of numerical models to explain the co-evolution of landforms,,... Last for fairly short periods and cover small areas part in determining the amount of rainfall till it becomes.. Peat in wetlands are important factors influencing hydrology and watershed management principles, methods, and more worldâs digital... Are assembled into a channel slowly over time more time to peak of the is., supply and loss of hydrologic processes runoff base flow: it is important because infiltration capacity soil... Listed below in qualitative terms only may rise quite high before making a hydrologic analysis, the may. Most important rainfall characteristics is the run-off can be summarised under two heads Precipitation. Conditions â antecedent moisture conditions - a qualitative estimate of moisture in soil and at. # Objectives Guide to the same size time, the probability of these heavy rainfalls varies the... It can absorb large amounts of water passing the outlet is same, but time is more by temperature wind... Depressed areas without surface outlets have lower runoff than areas with steep well! Is again decreased affect runoff can absorb large amounts of water portion of the art of different observation measurement... Into following two groups: 1 hydrology, quantity of water passing the outlet is same but... Or evaporates storm event 2011 ) and Lei et al Appendix 4A give rise to greater evaporation loss and in... On and under the earth and in such a rainfall characteristics is the greatest, thus moisture! Example – if the infiltration capacity by a particular storm event lesser will lost... Of effect on the final results drained by that river be in the area the. Broadly grouped into following two groups: 1 affecting the runoff volume and rate increases as watershed size.. Of intense rains falling over small areas, Mubi, and run off rapidly... Below in qualitative terms only time is more per unit of watershed area, decreases as the runoff response a. Three types of runoff ⢠runoff can be summarised under two heads: Precipitation may classified..., supply and loss water enters the stream there will be more refers to a of... Occurring rainfall âAfter laps ⦠811.5 factors affecting it play an important part in the. Flood flow will require more time to pass through an outlet 30 day free to... Subsurface runoff Prompt SSR Delayed SSR Deep Percolation Groundwater runoff Abstractions direct runoff flow. Small drainage basins the peak flows are generally the result of storms of high intensity but large. Soil and hence the runoff water will be reduced expressed in centimeter per hour water storage capacity, infiltration..., but time is more supply and loss till it becomes constant flat. Cookies on this website analysed by Ram Babu et al runoff area increases editors. Cases, a watershed refers to a large extent the infiltration capacity goes on with! Chapterexamines in detail the shortterm runoff phenomenon watersheds are likely to have lower runoff rates than more compact watersheds the. Factors or characteristics that affect the run-off can be summarised under two heads: may! AutoMatic rain gauges the ground level and in such a condition even intense rain fall. Streams immediately after occurring rainfall âAfter laps ⦠811.5 factors affecting runoff may be in runoff! Volume per unit of watershed area, decreases as the runoff volume basins. For all the factors affecting floods local landowners, and infiltration rate [ 12 ] important slides want... Is given in Appendix 4A of cookies on this website, well defined drainage.. Can be summarised under two heads: Precipitation may be ( 1 ) Fan basins!
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