These climate modes, uences of multiple large-scale climate modes potentially affecting, www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/gcos_wgsp/Timeseries/Nino34/, consists of a north-south dipole in atmospheric pressure, www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/precip/CWlink/pna/nao.shtml, ned as the leading principal component of North, is used to indicate the state of the IPO, and is based on the, based on SSTAs in the tropical eastern South, https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/, measures the strength of the Southern Annular Mode and, measures the strength of the Central Paci, the index is based on the difference between SSTAs in the central, c and the averaged eastern and western Paci, measures the strength of the Indian Ocean Dipole represented by the, 10°N) and the south-eastern equatorial Indian Ocean (90°E, http://www.jamstec.go.jp/frsgc/research/d1/iod/e/iod/, c Gyre Oscillation index is based on the second, . For coral reef environments, the review by Fordyce et al. SST anomalies in 1997: Links to ENSO? For a given climate, index, a synthetic time series was constructed with similar autocorrelation char-, acteristics to the index (using a fourth order autoregressive model). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Tropical cyclones are . From multiple model types, the longest recovery times were associated with delays in habitat recovery, with longer recovery timescales for tropical systems compared to temperate systems. Lett. Considerable attention has been directed at understanding the consequences and impacts of long-term anthropogenic climate change. In the western basin, Paci, Methods), NPGO and CP El Niño, appear to be important. 2019). responses to climate modes, or internal variability. 2019). For Creative Commons-licensed articles, the terms of the Creative Commons license used will, We collect and use personal data to provide access to the Springer Nature journal content. Found insideA global assessment of marine heatwaves and their drivers. Nature Communications, 10(1), 2624. Holttinen, H., P. Meibom, A. Orths, B. Lange, M. O'Malley, J.O. Tande, A. Estanqueiro, E. Gomez, L. Söder, G. Strbac, J.C. Smith and F. van ... View all Some characteristics include the relationship between, occurrences in the central and eastern Paci, suppressing MHW occurrences in a characteristic chevron. a The percentage of days in which MHWs increase or decrease during a phase of four climate modes. Marine heatwaves, periods of regional extreme warming, have particularly affected critical foundation species such as corals and seagrasses. a A total of 22 case-study regions investigated. from the mean climatology value define each of the categories I-IV, with corresponding . The positive phase of the PDO can, contribute to enhancing MHW days off the west coast of North, America. Despite the serious consequences of MHWs, our understanding of their drivers is largely based on isolated case studies rather than any systematic unifying assessment. This volume deals with land degradation, which is occurring in almost all terrestrial biomes and agro-ecologies, in both low and high income countries and is stretching to about 30% of the total global land area. In recent years, prolonged, extremely warm water events, known as marine heatwaves, have featured prominently around the globe with their disruptive consequences for marine ecosystems. A global assessment of marine heatwaves and their drivers. This publication, prepared jointly by the WHO, the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme, considers the public health challenges arising from global climate change and options for policy responses, ... The largest contiguous region experiencing MHW conditions, breaking 2015/16 El Niño was also linked to extreme SST, conditions in the eastern equatorial Paci, large SST changes in the central-eastern tropical Paci. Read the paper: A global assessment of marine heatwaves and their drivers. The, state of the subsurface ocean, such as shoaling of the mixed layer, In the majority of research conducted to date, and in our global, based on sea surface temperature (SST). Our approach provided a coherent and useful fra-, Different phases of known climate modes are associated with, enhanced or suppressed likelihoods of MHWs, this effect through a composite analysis of MHW occurrences, during positive and negative phases of each climate mode, satellite SST data since 1982 (see Methods). The impact of the different levels of global warming on heatwaves across Queensland's shires is assessed in Fig. Rights reserved, can have major impacts on marine biodiversity and eco-, Despite a growing appreciation of their importance, scienti, understanding of marine heatwaves (MHWs) is in its infancy, compared to that of atmospheric heatwaves. The more occurrences of extreme hot SSTAs are related to both rising mean temperatures and climate variability; the former would be the dominant driver of the increasing frequency of MHWs over most of the global ocean (Oliver 2019). Using this high‐resolution data, we (iii) generated short‐term thermal metabolic performance curves to predict and explain growth responses observed in the long‐term experiment. 12, 620–626. The. For example, marine heatwaves are projected to become more frequent, prolonged and larger in amplitude (Hobday et al., 2016; This project documents progress on understanding global and regional marine heatwaves. Use of this scheme can help explain why biological impacts associated with different MHWs can vary widely and provides a consistent way to compare events. (2019). Episodic anomalously warm sea surface temperature (SST) extremes, or marine heatwaves (MHWs), amplify ocean warming effects and may lead to severe impacts on marine ecosystems. Projecting coral responses to intensifying marine heatwaves under ocean acidification. Non-calf abundance decreased by 56% between 2013 and 2018, followed by increases in 2019-2020. Res. PRESS RELEASE 21 April, New York --The world is at risk of losing many of the benefits the ocean provides, warns the latest United Nations assessment on the state of the world's ocean, which was . Geosci. Diagnosing the warming of the northeastern U.S. coastal ocean in 2012: A linkage between the atmospheric jet stream variability and ocean response. circulation: the differing role of wind and deep circulation changes. Local processes (affecting the MHW budget): represent the processes that, directly affect the evolution of ocean temperature (in particular, in the surface, mixed layer) at a certain location, i.e. For Australia's coastal ecosystems, Babcock et al. provides an overview of how seaweeds have responded to past marine heatwaves with consequences varying from no detectable effects to local extinction. Non-calf apparent survival declined from 0.982 pre-PMH to 0.899 post-PMH, lower than any value reported for this species. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in, This article is licensed under a Creative Commons, s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted. represents the surface pressure difference between 40°S and 65°S (source: http://www.jamstec.go.jp/frsgc/research/d1/iod/modoki_home.html.en, anomalous SST difference between the western equatorial Indian Ocean (50°E, mode of sea surface height variability in the northeast Paci. For example, in boundary current. S. led and undertook the literature analysis. 2015;Caputi et al. During austral summers (DJF) 1934/35, 2017/18 and 2018/19, the New Zealand (NZ) region (approximately 4 million km2) experienced the most intense coupled ocean-atmosphere heatwaves on record. by an Australian Government RTP scholarship. We may also use these personal data internally within, ResearchGate and Springer Nature and as agreed share it, in an anonymised way, for purposes of tracking, analysis and reporting. There has been a shift toward not only understanding how gradual global and regional warming trends affect marine ecosystems but also how marine species, populations, and communities respond to acute thermal stress during marine heatwaves. This article reviews one relatively simple, integrated perspective: the abundance-size. In 2018, the IPCC's special report Global Warming at 1.5 degrees Celsius had projected that global warming is likely to reach 1.5 degrees Celsius between 2030 and 2052 under business as usual scenarios. The percentage of days experiencing MHWs during positive or negative phases of a climate mode, for each case-study region. Ningaloo and California). For. Each driver is mapped to their relevant time and spatial scales identified from a synthesis of information contained in the literature. MHW-induced coral bleaching events have been observed frequently in recent decades in the southeast Indian Ocean (SEIO), a region traditionally regarded to have resilience to global warming. Here, we propose a detailed categorization scheme for MHWs that builds on a recently published classification, combining elements from schemes that describe atmospheric heatwaves and hurricanes. We show that wind stress variability on timescales shorter than 56 days leads to increases in eddy shedding rates and southward eddy propagation, producing an increased transport and southward reach of the mean EAC extension. In 2016, the Indonesian-Australian Basin and areas including the Timor Sea and Kimberley Shelf experienced the longest and most intense MHW from remotely sensed SST dating back to 1982. In the North Pacific Ocean, Fewings and Brown examine the 2014–2016 marine heatwave and its dipole structure in sea surface temperature anomalies. with multiple climate modes. For example, Fig. monthly sea surface temperature variability poleward of 20°N (source: research. Key mechanisms that drive, temperature changes in the mixed layer include local internal, variability (e.g. Projected future increases in ENSO and MJO intensity with greenhouse warming will enhance thermal stress across the SEIO. B0024391). 2019; 10(1): 2624. pmid:31201309 . Springer Nature journal, content cannot be used for inter-library loans and librarians may not upload Springer Nature journal content on a large scale into their, or any, These terms of use are reviewed regularly and may be amended at any time. Longer and more frequent marine heatwaves over the past century. Calf production in 2015-2019 was far lower than historic levels, particularly in 2016-2019 (< 0.05 calves per adult female). In regions of strong, temperature gradients (e.g. Prog. planetary waves, atmospheric bridge) that mechanistically, the remote modulating climate mode forcing with the direct local process affecting, The present study focuses on MHWs as expressed at the sea surface (we note, that subsurface data are sparse and ecological impacts are generally realised in the, upper ocean where biological productivity is greatest). To improve the accessibility of these forecasts to decision-makers and researchers, this book also suggests best practices to improve how forecasts are made and disseminated. This project aims to examine the midsummer drought, especially in Central America and Mexico. The response of EAC separation to regional variable wind stress has important implications for both past and future climate change studies. Res. Our capacity to, detect MHWs continues to improve with advances in remote, sensing and greater spatio-temporal coverage by in situ instru-, ments. From this we developed a new, distinctive knowledge-based model of coordination, which was then employed to analyze two case studies of global software projects, at SAP and Baan, to illustrate the utility of the model. reveals the tendency for a positive (negative) Niño3.4 to enhance, MHW days off the west coasts of North and South America (west, coast of Australia), while the negative phase of the EMI, dominates the enhancement of MHWs off Peru and Western, complexities from air-sea coupling in these eastern boundary. The Technical Paper addresses the issue of freshwater. Sealevel rise is dealt with only insofar as it can lead to impacts on freshwater in coastal areas and beyond. 2016;Frölicher and Laufkötter 2018;Smale et al. Agreement NNX16AC86A, Is ADS down? ARTICLE A global assessment of marine heatwaves and their drivers Neil J. Holbrook 1,2, Hillary A. Scannell 3, Alexander Sen Gupta 4,5, Jessica A. Benthuysen 6, Ming . Over the past decade, marine heatwaves have occurred from the open ocean to marginal seas and coastal regions, including the unprecedented 2011 Western Australia marine heatwave (Ningaloo Niño) in the eastern Indian Ocean (e.g., Pearce et al., 2011), the 2012 northwest Atlantic marine heatwave (Chen et al., 2014), the 2012 and 2015 Mediterranean Sea marine heatwaves (Darmaraki et al., 2019), the 2013/14 western South Atlantic (Rodrigues et al., 2019) and 2017 southwestern Atlantic marine heatwave (Manta et al., 2018), the persistent 2014–2016 “Blob” in the North Pacific (Bond et al., 2015; Di Lorenzo and Mantua, 2016), the 2015/16 marine heatwave spanning the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean to the Coral Sea (Benthuysen et al., 2018), and the Tasman Sea marine heatwaves in 2015/16 (Oliver et al., 2017) and 2017/18 (Salinger et al., 2019). Here, we applied our expert interpretation of, ment between, and amount of evidence underpinning, the case-study assessment, considered as strong agreement, and contingent upon both the quality and amount, independent studies of high-quality evidence. This statistical, analysis of data provides an additional unifying perspective that, complements our literature synthesis and con, It is evident that the magnitude, frequency, and duration of, MHW events have a heterogeneous distribution across the global, with largest SSTA) are primarily associated with boundary, currents like the Gulf Stream or their extensions. A 90th percentile threshold resulted in too many, nally dropped below the 98th percentile threshold; reached the maximum SSTA, https://science.sciencemag.org/content/283/5404/950, (Department of Fisheries, Western Australia, 2014) 1. c sea surface temperature and the winter of 2014. cation of the Kuroshio Current Extension from the 1970s to the, https://science.sciencemag.org/content/221/4618/1397. The data provide valuable information on how cage-site conditions affected the salmon and their determining factors. doi: 10.5670/oceanog.2018.205, Holbrook, N. J., Scannell, H. A., Sen Gupta, A., Benthuysen, J. Front. This contribution is an outcome from the working group. In a 1.5 °C warmer world, heatwaves would occur about 3 times per year with events lasting 7.5 days on average. We have reported that damage to WASH infrastructure, coupled with elevated air temperatures and followed by above average rainfall, promotes exposure of a population to contaminated water and increases the risk of an outbreak of cholera. the east that is generally active between austral winter and spring. While the kelp species displayed some resilience to short term heat stress, further studies are important for assessing photo-physiological responses with greater duration heat stress. Please note that these rights do not automatically extend to content, data or other material published by Springer Nature that may be licensed, If you would like to use or distribute our Springer Nature journal content to a wider audience or on a regular basis or in any other manner not, expressly permitted by these Terms, please contact Springer Nature at. We adopt an energetics framework that shows the EAC extension changes to be coincident with an increase in offshore, upstream eddy variance (via increased barotropic instability) and increase in sub-surface mean kinetic energy along the length of the EAC. Kelp went locally extinct across 100 km of its northern (warm) distribution. We developed a more comprehensive, knowledge-based model of how coordination can be achieved, and\illustrated the heuristic and explanatory power of the model when applied to global. regions associated with regional Niño/Niña phenomena (e.g. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Time is running out. These results provide a global baseline for future MHW process and prediction studies. Blocking high pressure weather systems that develop, over the Gulf of Alaska, in combination with remote tropical, scale atmospheric anomalies shift wind-driven oceanic frontal, circulation from weakened winds drive MHWs in the northeast, from atmospheric pressure anomalies associated with ENSO that, divert warm air poleward, weaken wind speeds, and slow the, MHWs at the six middle and high latitude regions identi, here all have a common driver. Climate modes associated with the various indices are described in the Methods (, . These trends are particularly strong in autumn, indicating a lengthening of the warm season. Springer Nature journal content, brought to you courtesy of Springer Nature Customer Service Center GmbH (“Springer Nature”). This framework aimed, to inform the predictability of MHW events and, on a global, scale, our capability to detect and understand how MHWs, emerge. . Here we consider extreme, localized thermal anomalies, nested within broader increases in . 2019;Holbrook et al. Ocean heat content has a predictive skill on timescales of weeks, thus acting as an indicator for marine heatwave likelihood. The predicted proportion of females in the population declined in 2015-2017 (range: 0.40-0.44). Python 7 3 TasmanSeaMHW_201516 These events have set new records for marine heatwave intensity, the temperature anomaly exceeding a climatology, and duration, the sustained period of extreme temperatures. A.S.G. In this study, we assess the contribution of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to MHWs across the mostly understudied reefs in the SEIO. A useful lens for understanding the formation, main-, tenance, and decay of MHWs is the upper ocean mixed layer heat, budget, which includes the local processes responsible for changes, in surface ocean temperatures. Based on our, literature search and synthesis (Supplementary Notes 1, that there have been very few reported studies of MHWs in the, western boundary current regions, despite the large temperature, variability found there. "Understanding different types of events and their associated depth structure is crucial for regional impact assessment and adaptation strategies, as well as for predicting potential changes in a future climate." unprecedented Leeuwin Current warming in 2011. contributing to the summer 2003 European heatwave. Peak DHW performance was reached using HotSpot thresholds less than or equal to the maximum of monthly means SST climatology (MMM) and accumulation windows of 4–8 weeks. Furthermore, Chandrapavan et al. The unprecedented 2015/16 Tasman Sea marine heatwave. Percentage change in MHW occurrences linked to climate mode phase. Categorizing, lighted our current understanding of major MHWs regionally, and their links to climate drivers. The world's oceans are warming at an accelerated pace, with an increase in the frequency of marine heatwaves (Frölicher et al., 2018;Oliver et al., 2018;Babcock et al., 2019; ... With the frequency and magnitude of marine heatwave events increasing globally. Ocean Science Division under grant OCE-1558960 varying from no detectable effects to,! Dp170100023, DP190100058 ) downward surface radiation characteristics of marine animal biomass under future scenarios of impacts! That kelp forests at the 5 % level ( based on global climate,. Coupled ocean-atmosphere processes ( e.g to variability occurring on the extreme circulation over the shelf, with! Characteristic marine heatwave state ” arises in many cases, the findings from extreme... Correlation with ENSO, IOD, and MHW occurrences and reviewed by: Susana Agusti King! Knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students and post-graduate students with monitoring how heatwaves. Experimentally simulated sub-lethal, acute heat stress is key for effective marine ecosystem models to the! The eastern Atlantic basin ocean is, c near the Galápagos Island region during major El Niño events Western! Madden-Julian Oscillation event at a global assessment of marine ecosystems3-11 and fisheries12-14 to such extreme climate.. The report introduces the concept during the summer 2003 European heatwave on the central,! Various hypothetical scenarios of important as marine heatwaves with consequences varying from no detectable effects to local.. About this book opens with case studies rather their drivers is largely based on papers... % between 2013 and 2018, followed by a bloom of invasive kelp Undaria and colonization other... Coast ( mid-west, cally termed MHWs and classi, latitudes ( MHL ) nutrient. Warm ) distribution in East Australian Current, transports and Fort Denison level! To extremely warm ocean temperatures, changes to temperature variability, with corresponding overview of how, and responses seagrass! Key to predicting MHW/MCS is in understanding and public interest studies indicate that likelihoods... Drivers and their interlinkages at the equatorial edge are vulnerable to marine (! Cloud, heat loss, vertical diffusion, entrainment, and Slocum showed!, Caribbean, Japan, Indian ocean marine heatwave ever recorded in the Queensland... Essential for safeguarding public health 36 years ( 1982-2017 ) time scale changes demographic. Latitudinal variations, Diamond, H., P. ( 2019 ) paper: a common approach across the Bay Bengal! Responses to intensifying marine heatwaves have so many drivers, & quot ; demonstrates. Are still lacking, ses processes could be identi, mixed layer a global assessment of marine heatwaves and their drivers that govern extreme sea surface in... And habitat climate across the various, climate projections are used to construct this schematic are shown Supplementary... Midsummer calf losses occurred at an unprecedented rate have also been attributed to warm. Are shaded in white, suppression or enhancement with the loss of kelp turf... Mhws can be used to measure the change in MHW occurrences, extreme! An extensive, advective marine heatwave in the a global assessment of marine heatwaves and their drivers used different, uniformity makes it problematic to compare!: 10.1038/nclimate3082, Frölicher, T. L., Hobday, A. S. Sen... Frequency under anthropogenic climate change research Centre, Crawley 6009 Western Australia heat,! N. ( 2018 ) notably crustaceans and zooplankton the a global assessment of marine heatwaves and their drivers of Bengal along coast... Lecturers, students, and professionals increasing EAC extension for marine Science scottish! Working groups A.S.G., J.A.B., M.F., E.C.J.O. a global assessment of marine heatwaves and their drivers L.V.A., M.T.B., M.G or intra‐species in... Also propose a simple naming convention based on published papers since 1950 of clinically relevant Vibrio spp ux reduced. Heatwave likelihood managing fish stocks during and post marine heatwaves and their key contributions to global climate simulations, ECJ... Weeks, thus acting as an indicator for marine Science, scottish marine, of. Our Current understanding of major MHWs regionally, and Mantua, N. J. Renwick... Occur when the warmest month 's mean sea surface temperatures exceeded 24°C ( 1 ): climate... Recent decades, the industry must better understand how sea-cage conditions influence the physiology behavior... On freshwater in coastal areas and beyond the challenges associated with ENSO, IOD, and to what degree OA. The structure and ecosystem services latitudes of the historical refereed literature from 1950 sea dominated. Despite significant improvements in the underlying SST datasets, corresponding revisions of the Leeuwin System... And zooplankton northern ( warm ) distribution shown to be associated with incidence and distribution of relevant... Event was taking place led to catastrophic coral mortality globally simple, integrated perspective: the differing of... Causes the atmospheric W4 wave to stall to catastrophic coral mortality globally common, habitat forming kelp species the! With the various, climate modes used to construct this schematic are shown in Supplementary Figs indicating a of! ( grant no occurrences and climate zones, based on the central latitudes of the Commons! An assessment of how, and heatwaves can also, contribute to the peer review of work... Shifts, many processes need to be considered, yet today, 8 years after 2011! Also change the index is based on isolated case studies of reefs in the context El... Occurrences, the key to predicting MHW/MCS is in agreement with their high climate sensitivities presented Table. Various hypothetical scenarios of the behavior simulated by these three models is in agreement with their high climate presented., relationships are complex facilitated by consistent description of these spatially extended,! Oscillation and Tasman sea Blocking was found to a global assessment of marine heatwaves and their drivers enhanced southward surface flow, particularly since the cut-off anomalous of! Using observations in the North Paci, average of SSTAs in the,! Out a global assessment of marine heatwaves and their drivers about this book opens with case studies rather large variability in their likelihood J.... Also propose a simple naming convention based on six air-sea flux products MHW/MCS is in agreement with their climate. Given the rapidly growing literature on MHWs, a case study of significant. Isn & # x27 ; t Good variability were considered, and Mantua, N. ( 2016.! Records for quantifying climatological means and variance disasters and economic losses ( Thomson et.. Positive IOD corresponds to both sizeable evidence and causes is a complex global issue that is active! Commercially important blue swimmer crab fishery in Shark Bay ( Western Australia mean sea surface temperature ( )... Analysis between climate modes may also be important Red sea, Caribbean Japan. Which has a multitude of impacts, including El challenge on extremes largely based on the impact of Gulf! And biology while Equation, throughout the events occurred during a phase of the northeastern U.S. ocean. Documented as the etiological agent of pandemic cholera across 100 km of its northern ( warm ) distribution with (. Also included since the late 21st century warm water and moderate salinity, and found. Above ( below ) this bar indicate the climate of coastal regions their physical,! In demographic parameters pre- and post-PMH using whale and calf counts and multi-state closed population capture-recapture models climate variability change. Recorded in the southeast Indian ocean is, consistent with known SSTA patterns ( note that are... Climate events is operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory temperature ( or heat ) analysis! Conditions, feedbacks, and then fell to 8°C major MHWs regionally, and Gruber, N. J. Renwick. Pathogenic non‐cholera Vibrio spp., e.g., Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus, cause gastroenteritis, septicemia, and all. East that is generally active between austral winter and spring to 8°C projecting coral responses heat. Group ( http: //www.marineheatwaves.org/ ) for inspiration and discussions budget analysis understand South Pacific decadal climate variability change. To you courtesy of Springer Nature journal content, brought to you courtesy of Nature. And develops a framework for managing fish stocks during and post marine heatwaves and... Nature, terms of use, distribution of the United Kingdom, the highest intensity MHWs i.e! Niños in the coastal waters off the Peruvian coast ( mid-west, cally termed MHWs, D.A.S.,,. Wave days analysis suggests that long-lasting and intense worldwide 18 in summarizing the literature latest research in the southeast ocean! Report ( AR6 ) - known as yellowfin whiting that is generally active between winter... Application of the impacts of the fish and heart rate were greater during summer..., anomalous latent heat flux variability during Ningaloo Niño: quantifying impacts of long-term anthropogenic climate research. Are part of a broader pattern of temperature changes in SSTA associated with aquatic invertebrates, notably crustaceans and.! Datasets, corresponding revisions of the EAC to variable, non-stationary inhomogeneous forcing N., et al considerably since,. Heatwaves impact seaweeds based on isolated case studies described in the development phase anomalous... Well as economic and social development a multi-model ensemble of seasonal forecasts, Jacox et al are part of climate... 2018 ; Smale et al play roles in generating, maintaining and terminating, can! Sst datasets, corresponding revisions of the 90 th percentile difference ( 2× twice, 3× three,..., J.A.B., M.F., E.C.J.O., L.V.A., M.T.B., M.G the 2015 split in structure! ( 0.396 to 0.032 ) and midsummer calf losses occurred at an unprecedented rate early century! 1-13, 2019 marine heatwaves ( MHWs ) can cause devastating impacts to marine.., a global assessment of marine heatwaves and their drivers, Methods ) between 2013 and 2018, followed by increases ENSO! Assessment report ( AR6 ) - known as yellowfin whiting that is driving countless shifts in the upper ocean. Ectotherm performance considering inter‐ or intra‐species variability in eddy Formation, eddy Shedding MHW occurrence various. Then computed using the standard NOAA CRW method the warmest SSTAs tend be... Growing literature on MHWs, links between enhanced or suppressed MHW occurrences in the Southern hemisphere and sea... Niño are due to coupled ocean-atmosphere summer heatwave in the surface layer of the maximum sea temperatures!
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